|
Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
|
Pre-colonial and Colonial Scenarios |
Changing River Courses in North IndiaCalamities, Bounties, Strategies—Sixteenth to Early Nineteenth Centuries
Meena Bhargava
Meena Bhargava is in Department of History, Indraprastha College, University of Delhi. E-mail: meenabhargava{at}vsnl.com, meena.bhargava{at}gmail.com.
Disaster is a multidimensional social phenomenon. Scholars, cutting across different disciplines, have yet to reach a common understanding or a consensus on the definition of disaster. To understand natural disaster and catastrophe, this article will study the nature of changing river courses and their impact on the environment and on human-environment relations. It will focus on the corrosive power of rivers, the destructive as well as beneficent effects of their impetuous trajectories and the social implications of this process. Our analysis is based on a case study of one of the major river systems in South Asia, i.e. river Ganga (Ganges) and its tributaries in north India.
References
- Agrawal, C.M. 2000. Great Natural Calamities, New Delhi .
- Babur, Zahiru'd-din Muhammad. 1970. Babur Nama, tr. A.S. Beveridge, vols. I & II, New Delhi , reprint (first published, 1922).
- Ballou, William H. 1885. Floods, Their History and Relations , The American Naturalist, vol. 19(12): 1159–62 .[CrossRef]
- Barrett, Thomas, M. 1999. The Land is Spoiled by Water: Cossack Colonisation in the North Caucasus , Environment and History, vol. 5(1): 27–52 .[CrossRef]
- Bayly, C.A. 1983. Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870, Cambridge .
- Bernier, Francois. 1968. Travels in the Mogul Empire, 1656–68, tr. Archibald Constable, second edition, New Delhi (first edition, 1891).
- Bhargava, Meena. 1999. State, Society and Ecology: Gorakhpur in Transition, 1750–1830, New Delhi .
- Blaikie, Piers. 1994. Floods, in Piers Blaikie, Terry Canon, Ian Davis and Ben Wisner, At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability and Disasters, London and New York .
- Blaikie, Piers, Terry Cannon, Ian Davis and Ben Wisner. 1994. At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability and Disasters, London and New York .
- Boards Collections. 1808–1809. vol. 251, F/4/251, 5633, The British Library, Oriental and India Office Collections, London .
- Bose, Sugata. 1993. Peasant Labour and Colonial Capital: Rural Bengal since 1770, Cambridge .
- Braudel, Fernand. 1972. Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, London .
- Braudel, Fernand. 1988. History and Social Sciences: The Longue Duree, in Maurice, Aymard and Harbans Mukhia (eds), French Studies in History, The Inheritance, vol. 1, New Delhi : 69–101.
- Brigham, Albert, P. 1892. Rivers and Evolution of Geographic Forms , Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York, vol. 24: 23–43 .[CrossRef]
- Clift, Peter and Jerzy Blusztain. 2005. Changing the Course of Rivers and History: Rivers in Pakistan's Punjab Region Switched Directions, Nature, December 15 in Oceanus ( The Online Magazine of Research from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution ): 1.
- Chatterjee, Amrita and Dipayan Dey, Water Woes in South East Asia: Geo-Ecology of Trans-Border River System and Dams between India and Nepal, (http://balwois.mpl.ird.fr/balwois/administration/full_paper/ffp763.pdf)
- Dahlberg, Annika, C. and Piers M. Blaikie. 1999. Changes in Landscape or in Interpretation? Reflections Based on the Environmental and Socio-economic History of a Village in NE Botswana , Environment and History, vol. 5(2): 127–74 .[CrossRef]
- Das Gupta, S.P. (ed.). 1975. The Upper Gangetic Flood Plain: A Regional Survey, Calcutta .
- D'Souza, Rohan. 2006. Drowned and Damned: Colonial Capitalism and Flood Control in Eastern India, New Delhi .
- Fazl, Abul. 1965. The Ain-i Akbari, tr. H. Blochmann, second edition, New Delhi . (First edition 1871.)
- Fazl, Abul. 1973. The Akbar Nama, tr. H. Beveridge, vol. III, Delhi . (First Indian reprint.)
- Firminger, W.K. 1984. Affairs of the East India Company (Being the Fifth Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons), 28 July 1812, vol. II, New Delhi , reprint (first published 1812).
- Ganguli, B.N. 1938. Trends of Population and Agriculture in the Ganges Valley, London .
- Grant, James. 1787. Analysis of the Finances of Bengal from the Mogul Conquest to the Present Time, Calcutta , 30 June, in W.K. Firminger, Affairs of the East India Company (Being the Fifth Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons) 28 July 1812, vol. II, New Delhi , reprint (first published 1812).
- Guidoboni, Emanuela. 1998. Human Factors, Extreme Events and Floods in the Lower Po Plain (Northern Italy) in the 16th Century , Environment and History, vol. 4(3): 279–308 .[CrossRef]
- Gupta, Harsh, K. (ed.). 2003. Disaster Management, Hyderabad .
- Habib, Irfan. 1999. The Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1556–1707, second revised edition, New Delhi .
- Hewitt, K. (ed). 1983. Interpretations of Calamity, Boston .
- Hill, Christopher, V. 1997. River of Sorrow: Environment and Social Control in Riparian North India, 1770–1994, Michigan .
- Home Department, Public Branch. 1784. Original Consultation, April 19, No. 28 & 29, National Archives of India, New Delhi (NAI) .
- Home Department, Public Branch. 1787. Original Consultation, 6 December, No. 9, NAI .
- Home Department, Public Branch. 1788. Original Consultation, 14 January, No. 11, 13 February, No. 4, 19 May, No. 5, NAI .
- Kale, V.S. (ed). 1998. Flood Studies in India, Memoir 41, Geological Society of India, Bangalore .
- Kempe, Michael. 2003. Noah's Flood: The Genesis Story and Natural Disasters in Early Modern Times , Environment and History, Special Issue, Coping with the Unexpected Natural Disasters and their Perception, vol. 9(2): 151–71 .[CrossRef]
- Kempe, Michael and Christian Rohr. 2003. Introduction , Environment and History, Special Issue, Coping with the Unexpected Natural Disasters and their Perception, vol. 9(2): 123–26 .
- Khan, Zain. 1982. Tabaqat-i Baburi, tr. S. Hasan Askari, New Delhi .
- Kulshreshtha, S.S. 1964. The Development of Trade and Industry Under The Mughals, 1526–1707, Allahabad .
- Lal, Makhan. 2006. Iron Tools, Forest Clearance and Urbanization in the Gangetic Plains, in B.P. Sahu (ed.), Iron and Social Change in Early India, Debates in Indian History and Society, New Delhi : 137–49.
- Ladurie, Emanuel Le Roy. 1974. The Peasants of Languedoc, Illinois .
- Manucci, Niccolao. 1990. Storia do Mogor, tr. William Irvine , vol. II, New Delhi , reprint.
- Mukerjee, R.K. 1938. The Changing Face of Bengal: A Study in Riverine Economy, Calcutta .
- Oliver-Smith, Anthony. 1996. Anthropological Research on Hazards and Disasters , Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 25: 303–28 .[CrossRef][Web of Science]
- Oliver-Smith, Anthony. 2002. Theorizing Disasters: Nature, Power and Culture, in Susanna M. Hoffman and Anthony Oliver-Smith (eds), Catastrophe & Culture: The Anthropology of Disaster, Oxford : 23–47.
- O'Malley, L.S.S. 1913. Bengal District Gazetteers: Purnea, Calcutta .
- Proceedings Board of Revenue—Fort William. April 1807. vol. 32, Uttar Pradesh State Archives, Lucknow (UPSA).
- Proceedings Board of Commissioners—Ceded and Conquered Provinces. May 1809. vol. 18, UPSA.
- Proceedings Board of Commissioners—Ceded and Conquered Provinces. October 1810. vol. 35, UPSA.
- Quarantelli, E.L. and Russell R. Dynes. 1977. Response to Social Crisis and Disaster , Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 3: 23–49 .[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Rashid, Haroun and Babar Kabir. 1998. Water Resources and Population Pressures in the Ganges River Basin, in Sherbinin, Alex de and Victoria Dompka (eds), Water and Population Dynamics: Case Studies and Policy Implications, New York . (www.aaas.org)
- Rennell, James. 1781. An Account of the Ganges and Burrampooter Rivers , Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 71: 87–114 .[CrossRef]
- Rohr, Christian. 2003. Man and Natural Disaster in the Late Middle Ages: The Earthquake in Carinthia and Northern Italy on 25 January 1348 and its Perception , Environment and History, Special Issue: Coping with the Unexpected Natural Disasters and Their Perception, vol. 9(2): 127–49 .
- Saqi, Mustaid Khan. 1947. Maa'sir-i'Alamgiri, 1658–1707, tr. J.N. Sarkar, Calcutta .
- Sears, Paul, B. 1957. Natural and Cultural Aspects of Floods , Science, New Series, vol. 125(3252), 26 April: 806–7 .[Free Full Text]
- Sharma, R.S. 2006. Material Background of the Genesis of the State and Complex Society in the Middle Gangetic Plains, in B.P. Sahu (ed.), Iron and Social Change in Early India, Debates in Indian History and Society, New Delhi : 150–68.
- Shukla, U.K. and D.S. Bora. 2003. Geomorphology and Sedimentology of Piedmont Zone, Ganga Plain, India , Current Science, vol. 84(8), 25 April: 1034–40 . [Web of Science]
- Singh, I.B. 2004. Late Quaternary History of the Ganga Plain , Journal of Geological Society of India, vol. 64: 431–54 .
- Singh, I.B. 2004. 2005. Quaternary Palaeoenvironments of the Ganga Plain and Anthropogenic Activity , Man and Environment, vol. xxx(1): 1–35 .
- Singh, I.B., M. Jaiswal, A.K. Singhvi and B.K. Singh. 2003. Rapid Subsidence of Western Ganga Plain During Late Pleistocene: Evidence from Optical Dating of Subsurface Samples , Current Science, vol. 84(3): 451–54 .[Web of Science]
- Singh, R.B. 1996. Disaster Monitoring and Mitigation, in R.B. Singh (ed.), Disasters, Environment and Development, New Delhi and Calcutta .
- Singh, R.B. 2000. Flood Prevention and Mitigation in Disaster Prone Regions of India: Case Study, in Frank Toensmann and Manfred Koch (eds), River Flood Defence, vol. 2(9), Kassel .
- Smith, Keith and Roy Ward. 1998. Floods, Physical Processes and Human Impacts, Chichester .
- Stewart, Charles. 1813. History of Bengal: From the First Mohammadan Invasion until the Virtual Conquest of that Country by the English, AD 1757, London .
- Stuber, Martin. 2003. Divine Punishment or Object of Research? The Resonance of Earthquakes, Floods, Epidemics and Famine in the Correspondence Network of Albrecht von Haller , Environment and History, Special Issue: Coping with the Unexpected Natural Disasters and Their Perception, vol. 9(2): 173–93 .[CrossRef]
- Sturgis, Jr. Samuel D. 1957. Floods , Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 309, Disasters and Disaster Relief: 15–22 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Thapar, Romila. 2002. Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300, The Penguin Press .
- Tilman, David. 1996. The Benefits of Natural Disasters , Science, New Series, vol. 273(5281): 1518 .[Web of Science]
- Turnbaugh, William, A. 1978. Floods and Archaeology , American Antiquity, vol. 43(4): 593–607 .[CrossRef][Web of Science]
The Medieval History Journal, Vol. 10, No. 1-2,
183-208 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/097194580701000207

CiteULike Complore Connotea Del.icio.us Digg Reddit Technorati Twitter What's this?
|
|